The Condition of Payment form the heart of the guarantee. They determine the actual benefits for the beneficiary and the risk exposure for the account party/principal debtor. For example, it is the clause that Payment will be made on the beneficiarys first demandwithout any proof of default that renders this particular guarantee totally different from the traditional or accessory guarantee. On the other, aguarantee payable upon submission of an arbitral or court decision is in substance hardly different from the contract of accessory guarantee. While different as regards the degree of default, all conditions of Payment share a common characteristic, namely their documentarynature. All of them require the submission of documents and the banks duty is confined to examining whether these documents comply with the documents prescribed in the guarantee. It is this documentary nature of the conditions of Payment, which enables the bank to perform its function

Demand response (DR) is proven to be very efficacious for load mitigation especially in peak time period. On the other hand, DR facilitates both consumers, system operator as well as producers to moderate their Payments while reducing system operating costs. Offer cost minimization is currently used as the clearing Mechanism associated with locational marginal pricing scheme to determine the consumers’,Payments. Such clearing and pricing Mechanisms are inconsistent as the system costs is being minimized, while the Payments are calculated based upon marginal prices. Payment cost minimization auction as a price-based clearing Mechanism is envisaged to be an effective alternative to solve such a crucial issue. This paper shows how to include DR in PCM Mechanism to further reduce the consumers’,Payment. It facilitates utilizing price responsive consumers for load shifting DR in a PCM auction. The optimization problem is modeled as a mixed-integer nonlinear bi-level programming. Duality theorem, KKT conditions and integer algebra are used to convert such a complicated optimization problem to a single level MILP problem. This problem is then solved by CPLEX in GAMS. The impacts are studied by implementing the proposed formulation to solve the clearing problem in the case studies deriving promising numerical results.

Objective: The Payment system of specialist physicians has significant effects on the country's health costs and the provision of medical care at a fair, sufficient and high-quality level. This study was conducted to design the Payment system's implementation guidelines for providing specialized services in the electronic referral system. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in 2021. The participants were hospital managers, top managers and experts in charge of health, treatment and development departments of Ministry of Health and Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Health Insurance Organization of Golestan province, specialist physicians and faculty members. Fourteen focus group discussion and six in-depth individual interviews were conducted. The content analysis method was used to analyze the data. Results: The requirements for the establishment of an efficient and effective Payment system were classified into 6 main themes (legal, political, managerial, executive, economic, cultural and social) and 32 subcategories. The executive Mechanism was classified into 3 main themes (executive structure, executive process and monitoring and evaluation method) and 16 subclasses. Conclusion: The implementation of the designed instruction can lead to increasing the access and benefit of services, improving the quality of providing specialized services, cost management and finally increasing the satisfaction of service providers and receivers.

Objective: The Payment system of specialist physicians has significant effects on the country's health costs and the provision of medical care at a fair, sufficient and high-quality level. This study was conducted to design the Payment system's implementation guidelines for providing specialized services in the electronic referral system. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in 2021. The participants were hospital managers, top managers and experts in charge of health, treatment and development departments of Ministry of Health and Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Health Insurance Organization of Golestan province, specialist physicians and faculty members. Fourteen focus group discussion and six in-depth individual interviews were conducted. The content analysis method was used to analyze the data. Results: The requirements for the establishment of an efficient and effective Payment system were classified into 6 main themes (legal, political, managerial, executive, economic, cultural and social) and 32 subcategories. The executive Mechanism was classified into 3 main themes (executive structure, executive process and monitoring and evaluation method) and 16 subclasses. Conclusion: The implementation of the designed instruction can lead to increasing the access and benefit of services, improving the quality of providing specialized services, cost management and finally increasing the satisfaction of service providers and receivers.

Payment Mechanism health insurance is a serious challenge for policy makers, access to health, continuing care, need to technology, huge expenses a considerable part of health funds is collected. Therefore organizing and designing apprpriate policies for organizing, financing, Payment Mechanism for providers and role of diagnostic related groups system.in this study, our main objective Study comparative Payment Mechanism health insurance in selective countries.material and methods: in this study The researcher to achieve the mentioned goals used applied research which is presented as descriptive-adjusting method and is performed as a section and case study results: study found that policy makers from Payment Mechanism in selective countries involved in health and welfare ministries along with the private encompass free provid decentralized health care. Finances should be provided throught taxes, charity aids support from international organization Payment Mechanism to providers in selective countries includes fee foe services, salary and per case, budgeting Payment.conclusion: iran owns structure of social security organization. Although includes financing health insurance. provided throught taxes and support from international organization and provide Payment mechanizm health insurance increased Payment in health insurance.

According to Article 12 of Check Drawing Act, drawer of check can pay out funds of check and delayed Payment penalty to the holder of check or provides causes of Payment of them, in the middle of criminal procedure, even after issuing definitive judgment, and thereby causes to cease the criminal procedure or enforcement of judgment. The Article makes this image that to cease criminal procedure or enforcement of judgment, the drawer must pay the delayed Payment penalty with the funds of check whether the delayed Payment penalty was claimed, according to rules of Civil Procedure Act, by holder of check or not. But on the base of civil nature of delayed Payment penalty and the necessity of demanding of it, the Article 12 of Check Drawing Act must be applied when the holder of check has demanded the delayed Payment penalty whit funds of check according to circumstances required by law. Therefore, in the case that the holder of check has not demanded delayed Payment penalty, the criminal procedure will be stopped if the drawer of check pays out only the funds of check to holder, also if the funds is paid after issuing final judgment, the enforcement of the judgment will be stopped.

Electronic money is an instrument for Electronic Payment Which has nearly all functions of physical money and doesn’t have its disadvantages.Electronic Money has many similarities with physical money but there are many challenges concerning its nature. Bill and physical money like notes, coins and electronic money are used in everyday business. In trades using physical money, the promise will be done immediately after handing the money. For determining this point in electronic Payments, we need to explain the nature of electronic money as a bill or a means for electronic Payment. If we consider electronic money as bill then by the moment of paying, the promise will be performed and the bank who published the electronic money won’t be responsible in front of those who receive the money, but if we consider it merely as a means of electronic Payment, then we cannot say that the promise would be performed by the moment we use electronic money and the bank who published the money would be responsible for the performance of promise. In this research we are going to discuss different approaches concerning electronic Money and finally give a complete and comprehensive approach in order to answer the questions about Electronic money.

The dispute between debitor and creditor regarding Payment is discussed in Islamic Jurisprudence. This article presents a comparative study of different views and arguments of various schools of law concerning this issue. The function of the legislator under article 282 of the civil code concerning jurists and the reason for working outside of the French code civil is also clarified.

Due to the stochastic nature of wind energy, allocating an appropriate investment incentive for wind generation technology (WGT) is a complicated issue. We propose an improvement on the traditional incentive, known as capacity Payment Mechanism (CPM), to reward the wind generators based on their performance exogenously affected by the wind energy potential of the location where the turbines are installed, and therefore, lead the investments towards locations with more generation potential. In CPM, a part of investment cost of each generator is recovered through fixed Payments. However, in our proposal, wind generators are rewarded according to dynamic forecasts of the wind energy potential of the wind farm where they are located. We use an auto-regressive moving average (ARMA) model to forecast the wind speed fluctuations in long-term while capturing the auto-correlation of wind velocity variation in consecutive time intervals. Using the system dynamics (SD) modelling approach a competitive electricity market is designed to examine the efficiency of the proposed incentive. Performing a simulation analysis, we conclude that while a fixed CPM for wind generation can decrease the loss of load durations and average prices in long-term, the proposed improvement can provide quite similar results more efficiently.